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reduce the load coming on the pipe CONCLUSION streams can be quite handy in retarding Table 2: Recommended materials of construction for the oil and gas pipelines
section. Corrosion costs the oil and gas pipe- the rate of corrosion in pipelines. Material specifi cation Oil and gas applications
2. Deploy degasifi cation of the corro- lines tens of billions of dollars in lost Carbon steels Bulk fl uids, crude pipelines, fl ow lines, water and steam injection lines, production
sive medium passing through that income and treatment costs every year. Consultations with process, opera- and test separators, KO drums, storage tanks.
section of the pipeline, if possible. As a signifi cant proportion of natural tion, material, and corrosion engineers
3. Change the alloy (use of Inconel gas and crude oil pipeline fi re disasters are extremely necessary. The use of Low- and medium-alloy steels Well head items, chokes, manifolds and well components with sour and high-
when type 304 stainless steel is not are caused by pipeline damage due to anti-corrosion coatings, along with temperature applications.
satisfactory). corrosion, it is worthwhile to design cathodic protection and the continuous Straight chromium steels Christmas trees, well heads, downhole rods, valves and casing pipes.
4. Use carbon steel instead of stain- and maintain pipelines to minimize monitoring of pipelines can strengthen (chromium 12% to 18%)
less steel. corrosion. the corrective and preventive measures Chromium-nickel steels Valve trims, instruments and materials of separators and tanks, low-chloride levels.
5. Apply cathodic protection. required to be followed in these critical (chromium >18%, nickel >8%)
6. Add corrosion inhibitors in the The principles of corrosion must be installations. Nickel steels (2.5%, 3.5%, 9% nickel) Rarely used in oil and gas sectors, LNG storage tanks, piping and pumps.
system. understood in order to effectively select
materials and to design, fabricate, and REFERENCES Duplex stainless steels (22% chromium Piping, vessel and tank internals where a very high level of chlorides is present.
In addition to the above corrosion utilize metal structures for the optimum 1. Roberge, P.R., (2000), Handbook duplex, 25% chromium super, duplex)
mitigation techniques, use of corrosion economic life of facilities and safety of Corrosion Engineering, McGraw- Nickel-chrome (inconels) Well head and fl ow lines, manifolds with high sour and temperature applications.
inhibitors can be very helpful. A list of of oil & gas pipelines. Also, it should Hill, New York. Ni-Cr-Fe alloys
corrosion inhibitors are recommended be clearly understood that no particu- 2. Trethewey, K.R., and Roberge, Nickel-iron (incolys) Ni-Fe-Cr alloys Well head and fl ow lines, manifolds with high sour and temperature applications.
in Table-1(14). However, one of the lar material is a cure for all the evils P.R., (1995), “Corrosion manage- Source: KO-Knock out, LNG-Liquefi ed natural gas.
proactive methods to prevent exces- of corrosion. Each and every case has ment in the twenty-fi rst century”, 4. Laoun, B., Niboucha, K., and Serir, K., Cao, Y. (2008), Armoured rosion in oil and gas production
sive corrosion rate in these critical and to be considered in its totality before a British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 30, L., (2008), “Cathodic protection of against corrosion, Hydrocarbon tubing”, British Corrosion Journal,
hazardous pipelines is to select proper decision is made on the proper materials. pp:192-197. a buried pipeline by solar energy”. Engineering, Vol. 13, pp: 115-118. Vol. 34(4), page:247.
material of construction at the design However, the recommendations given 3. Champion Technologies, (2012), Revue des Energies Renouvelables, 9. Oyelami, B.O., Asere, A.A., 14. Popoola, L.T., Grema, A.S.,
stage. A general recommendation re- in the article can be used as a rough Corrosion mitigation for complex Vol. 12(1), pp: 99-104. (2011), “Mathematical modelling: Latinwo, G.K., and Gutti, A.S., “Cor-
garding material selection is illustrated guideline. Similarly, using different/ environments, Champion Techno- 5. Shiwei, W.G., Gritis, N., Jackson, An application to corrosion in a rosion problems during oil and
in Table-2.(15, 16, and 17). suitable corrosion inhibitors in the fl uid logies, Houston, USA.
A., and Singh, P., (2005), “Advanced petroleum industry”, Workshop on gas production and its mitigation”,
Table: 1 Recommended corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas pipeline onshore and offshore pipeline Environment, National Mathema- International Journal of Industrial
Inhibitors oil and gas applications coating technologies”. China tical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria. Chemistry, (2013), Vol.4 (35).
International Oil and Gas Techno- 10. Simons, M.R., (2008), “Report of 15. Johansson, E., Pettersson, R.,
3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol API J55 oil fi eld tubing in HCl solutions over a wide range of logy Conference & Expo, Shang- offshore technology conference Alfonsson, E., and Weisang-Hoinard,
conditions(51). hai, China. (OTC) presentation”, NACE Inter- F, (2010), “Specialty stainless for
Hydrazides and thiosemicarbazides of fatty acids Mild steel and oil well steel (N80) in boiling 15% hydrochloric 6. Kermani, M.B., Smith, L.M., national. solving corrosion problems in the
with 11, 12 and 18 carbon atoms acid solution(52). (1997), CO corrosion control in 11. Tuttle, R.N., (1987), “Corrosion in oil and gas industry”, Offshore
2
oil and gas production: design con- oil and gas production”, Journal of World, Vol. 40.
Mixture of ketones quinolinium salts, and formic Oil fi eld tubular goods to temperatures as high as 400 F (204 C) siderations. The Institute of Mate- Petroleum Technology, Vol. 39, pp: 16. Mannan, S., Patel, S., (2008),
o
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acid in hydrochloric(53). rials, European Federation of Cor- 756-762. “A new high strength corrosion
2-Undecane-5-mercapto-1-oxa-3, 4-diazole Mild steel in 15% HCl at 105 + 2 C and N80 steel in 15% rosion Publications, London. 12. Lazar, I., and Constantinescu, P., resistant alloy for oil and gas appli-
o
2-Heptadecene-5-mercapto-1-oxa-3, 4-diazole HCl containing 5,000 ppm of 2-undecane-5-mercapto-1-oxa-3, 7. de-Waard, C., Lotz, U., (1994), (1985), Field trials results of micro- cations”, Paper presented at NACE
2-decene-5-mercapto-1-oxa-3, 4-diazole 4-diazole(54). “Prediction of CO corrosion of bial enhanced oil recovery, In: Corrosion, New Orleans.
2
carbon steel”, EFC publication Zajic JE, Donaldson EC (ed), 17. Craig, B.D., (1995), “Selection
Dibenzylidene acetone N80 steel and mild steel in HCl(55). number- 13, The Institute of Mate- Microbes and oil recovery, Biore- guidelines for corrosion resistant
Di-N-dimethylaminobenzylidene acetone rials, London, UK. sources Publications, pp 122-143. alloys in the oil and gas industry”, NDI
Methoxy phenol and nonyl phenol N80 steel in 15% HCl at different exposure periods (6 to 24h) and 8. Lusk, D., Gupta, M., Boinapally, 13. Smith, L., (1999), “Control of cor- Technical Series-10073, pp: 1-8.
temperatures (30 C to 110 C)(56).
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N-(5,6-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-(1,2,4) triazin-3-yl)- Mild Steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 M sulfuric acid(57). Chemical Weekly | Import-Export Data | Market Surveys
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6-Benzylaminopurine Cold rolled steel in 1.0 to 7.0 M H SO at 25 C to 50 C(58).
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Mixture of synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate Oil well steel (N80) in 50 mg/l sulfi de concentration at various pH SEVAK PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.
(5.5 to 11.5) and at high-temperature pressure conditions(59). 602-B, Godrej Coliseum, K.J. Somaiya Hospital Road, Behind Everard Nagar, Sion (E), Mumbai 400 022.
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